Last updated in February 2007

Tree Improvement Programs

Tree improvement programs in the province involve two deciduous species and six coniferous species native to Alberta. All programs are based on traditional plant breeding methods with no genetic modification (GM) involved. Conservation of genetic diversity and maintenance of adaptability to natural environments are primary objectives of all native species programs. The challenge of changing climate underscores the importance of maintaining high levels of genetic diversity in these breeding programs.

Most programs involve cooperative arrangements either among companies, or between Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and single or multiple companies. Several programs are also being developed by the Department or by individual companies.

The first coniferous programs were initiated in 1976, and new programs have been continuously added. Some mature orchards have produced considerable amounts of seed for operational deployment. A broad genetic base has been accumulated, and thousands of wild genotypes have been preserved by grafting in ex situ (away from natural habitat) reserves. In conjunction with the Gene Conservation Plan for Native Trees of Alberta, a system of in situ (within natural habitat) reserves is also being initiated for all species involved in breeding programs.

Increased wood production through faster growth rates is a primary objective of the programs, although some conifer programs are designed to alleviate seed shortages. Researchers are also selecting for disease resistance, particularly in poplar programs.

Orchards of lodgepole pine, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, douglas-fir and western larch have been established. To date, more than 1,100 kg of seed have been produced, and over 12,000 ha have been planted with improved conifer seed. Progeny tests associated with the older programs are yielding fast-growing healthy individuals for inclusion in the next generation’s breeding and orchard populations.

Several forest products companies are developing programs in aspen and aspen hybrids, balsam poplar, hybrid poplars and birch. The first aspen cooperative program was formally initiated in 1992 by a group of companies. Priorities for hardwood programs include breeding and testing for adaptation, growth rate, disease resistance and wood quality traits. Thousands of poplar and aspen genotypes have been selected, and more than 100 tests have been established. Deployment on private land began in 2000; testing is currently under way for future deployment on public land.

Provincial genetics policy (Standards for Tree Improvement in Alberta), enacted in 2003 and revised in 2005, encourages investment in tree improvement activities. The standards establish a framework for program development and accrual of benefits, while ensuring that genetic diversity, adaptation, and conservation objectives are met.